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Trying to read exFAT hard drive with Windows 7

I have a 3TB Samsung External hard drive with data on it that I need access too.  When I have the hard drive in the Samsung enclosure (with the little circuit board/controller board attached), my Windows machine can read it just fine.  It shows a large exFAT partition and I can see all the data.  For various reasons, I want to take the hard drive out of the Samsung enclosure and use as SATA to USB adapter that I have.  When I use the SATA to USB adapter, it recognizes the hard drive but Windows tells me that it needs to be formatted and I can't see the exFAT partition or the data.  Does the little controller board in the enclosure have some sort of translator function that enables this hard drive to ONLY be read in the native enclosure?  I tried another generic SATA enclosure device and that didn't work either.
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Thanks for all the comments.  I think those of you that mentioned the size of the drive are probably correct.   To give some more details of the issue, this 3TB drive has data a client needs recovered.  However, they lost the power adapter to it.  I happen to have a similar power adapter, but I don't want to give it to the client.  I have a bunch of SATA to USB adapters I would sell/give to him and I figured I would just take the drive out of the enclosure and give him one of my SATA to USB adapters instead of them trying to find the right power supply.  Well, it turns out these power supplies are pretty common, so I'll just recommend they buy on (it's 12v 1.5amp).  I am aware that the small sata to usb adapters WITHOUT external power will not power a 3.5 "desktop" hard drive, and while I do have those adapters for my laptop drives, I am using externally powered SATA to USB adapters in this particular case.   The hard drive spins up, and windows see the disk in Disk Manager, but it says it needs to be formatted and there is no data or accurate partition information in disk management.  Yet, when I use the native enclosure on this 3TB drive (with the right power adapter) it shows up in windows just fine.  So that tell me that my SATA to USB adapters just can't support the larger drives.  And, my SATA to USB adapters are quite a few years old.   Thanks for all the help!