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Sharepoint 2010 Anonymous Access refuses to cooperate

I have followed the steps in any of the hundreds of "basic steps to enabling SharePoint anonymous authentication" sites you will find (example).

I am doing this with a newly created Sharepoint 2010 web application, which I have extended into the "Internet" zone, and have enabled anonymous authentication on (both in the site collection and the web application).  When I try to access any of the .aspx pages, I get a 401 error.

However, I AM able to anonymously access other files on the site, such as graphic files.  So for example, if I punch this into a browser:
https://my.site.edu/sites/catalog/_layouts/images/blank.gif
or
https://my.site.edu/sites/catalog/Style%20Library/Images/Search_Arrow.jpg

They both pull up successfully.

So, something somewhere doesn't have the right permissions or something when it comes to pulling up actual full pages, but I have no idea where to even look.  I checked, and the master pages are all checked in, so are all the other pages I've looked at.  How do I track down what is causing this 401?
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Rainer Jeschor
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Hi Rainer,

To answer your questions:

In IIS, I do see hits, but I'm not sure if this is telling me anything:
2013-11-15 15:13:26 10.2.1.217 GET /sites/catalog/ - 443 - 10.1.0.40 Mozilla/5.0+(compatible;+MSIE+9.0;+Windows+NT+6.1;+WOW64;+Trident/5.0) 200 0 0 31
2013-11-15 15:13:26 10.2.1.217 GET /sites/catalog/Pages/SectionsHome.aspx - 443 - 10.1.0.40 Mozilla/5.0+(compatible;+MSIE+9.0;+Windows+NT+6.1;+WOW64;+Trident/5.0) 401 0 0 234
2013-11-15 15:13:39 10.2.1.217 GET /favicon.ico - 443 - 10.1.0.40 Mozilla/5.0+(compatible;+MSIE+9.0;+Windows+NT+6.1;+WOW64;+Trident/5.0) 404 0 2 203
2013-11-15 15:13:40 10.2.1.217 GET /sites/catalog/Pages/SectionsHome.aspx - 443 - 10.1.0.40 Mozilla/5.0+(compatible;+MSIE+9.0;+Windows+NT+6.1;+WOW64;+Trident/5.0) 401 0 0 234

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I actually tried Fiddler, but I can't really make sense of anything that's in there...at least I don't see anything that screams "problem."

I'm not sure if this is what you meant but, Sharepoint Server Publishing feature is active on this site.  I can't find anything that isn't published or approved.  When I go to "Content and Structure Reports" and I look at the "All Draft Documents" report, no folder has any draft documents.  I have not activated any kind of approval processes at this point.

No third-party stuff on the page, and I even tried creating a new, blank page and I can't get that to open anonymously either.  I also tried swapping the master page, making sure I'm using one that's Microsoft-provided, and no dice.  

There's nothing on the page referencing the internal URL, and I also did a view-source to see if I saw any references to the internal URL in there as well...nothing.

stumped :-/
Make that in IIS anonymous access is enabled for the extended SharePoint site.
It is.
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Great work. Keep in mind any modifications to Alternative Access Mapping in SharePoint you may have to make.
We ended up figuring it out