Why this code gives ascii codes using pointers.

Are you certain that what you are doing is a bubble sort? All of the implementations that I have seen use simple swapping between two array elements rather than comparing a copy of the input to the original.

e.g.

int sort(char* const str, const int strLength, char* result)
{
    int swapOccurred = true;

    if (result == NULL)
    {
        return false;
    }

    strncpy(result, str, strLength + 1);

    while (swapOccurred)
    {
        swapOccurred = false;

        for (int i = 0; i < strLength - 1; i++)
        {
            if (*(result + i + 1) < *(result + i))
            {
                char c = *(result + i + 1);

                // SWAP
                *(result + i + 1) = *(result + i);
                *(result + i) = c;
                swapOccurred = true;
            }
        }
    }

    return true;
}

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tx