linux question
1. In linux where is the drivers are located? How do we normally install driver any devices?
2. what is the linux boot process? what is upstart?
3. how is sectory/cylinder/track works here.
Disk /dev/sda: 17.1 GB, 17179869184 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2088 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
4. what is GPT and where is used?
5. for a given process how do i find the process tree in linux?
6. in grub.conf , we have the following. what is kernel and initrd? why do we need initrd?
default=0
timeout=5
splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/s
hiddenmenu
title CentOS (2.6.18-164.el5)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.18-164.el5 ro root=/dev/VolGroup00/LogVo
initrd /initrd-2.6.18-164.el5.img
6. what are process states and please explain.
7. how one can find the bottleneck of cpu contention, memory contention and disk I/O contention?
I really appreciate if you can help me to understand these questions.
2. what is the linux boot process? what is upstart?
3. how is sectory/cylinder/track works here.
Disk /dev/sda: 17.1 GB, 17179869184 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2088 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
4. what is GPT and where is used?
5. for a given process how do i find the process tree in linux?
6. in grub.conf , we have the following. what is kernel and initrd? why do we need initrd?
default=0
timeout=5
splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/s
hiddenmenu
title CentOS (2.6.18-164.el5)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.18-164.el5 ro root=/dev/VolGroup00/LogVo
initrd /initrd-2.6.18-164.el5.img
6. what are process states and please explain.
7. how one can find the bottleneck of cpu contention, memory contention and disk I/O contention?
I really appreciate if you can help me to understand these questions.
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"the r column of vmstat is the cpu run queue. if this number is higher than the number of processing cores, then you have cpu bottleneck "
even though i have r is higher than number of cores i am not having cpu issue, how do you conclude this statement is true. Please justify me. thanks
[root@nagios ~]# vmstat
procs -----------memory---------
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st
8 0 0 1386304 152940 403684 0 0 2 19 158 35 0 1 99 0 0
[root@nagios ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo
processor : 0
vendor_id : GenuineIntel
cpu family : 6
model : 15
model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5345 @ 2.33GHz
stepping : 1
cpu MHz : 2327.524
cache size : 4096 KB
fpu : yes
fpu_exception : yes
cpuid level : 10
wp : yes
flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss syscall nx lm constant_tsc up nonstop_tsc pni cx16 lahf_lm
bogomips : 4655.04
clflush size : 64
cache_alignment : 64
address sizes : 40 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management: [8]
even though i have r is higher than number of cores i am not having cpu issue, how do you conclude this statement is true. Please justify me. thanks
[root@nagios ~]# vmstat
procs -----------memory---------
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st
8 0 0 1386304 152940 403684 0 0 2 19 158 35 0 1 99 0 0
[root@nagios ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo
processor : 0
vendor_id : GenuineIntel
cpu family : 6
model : 15
model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5345 @ 2.33GHz
stepping : 1
cpu MHz : 2327.524
cache size : 4096 KB
fpu : yes
fpu_exception : yes
cpuid level : 10
wp : yes
flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss syscall nx lm constant_tsc up nonstop_tsc pni cx16 lahf_lm
bogomips : 4655.04
clflush size : 64
cache_alignment : 64
address sizes : 40 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management: [8]
But is not just a simple matter of copying files there.. You do need to install drivers as the kernel needs to be aware they are there..