Microprocessors

I assume you are speaking of a computer's CPU.  Here's a WIKI link:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor

But basically the CPU is the brains of the computer and manages just about everything that happens on the computer.  Without the CPU nothing runs.

what is the new invention that brought about desktop and handheld computing also what does it means "Processor on a single chip"

The CPU - or what you see when you look at a CPU in a computing device today is really the package for the CPU with it's associated connections to the rest of the motherboard. The CPU itself is a silicon die that has been gone through many levels of processing to make it do what it does - yeah I know that's a crappy definition, but I'm not an engineer.

Anyway, back in the early days the CPU needed help and a math co processor chip was also created and much of the math that the computer needs to do was off loaded to that chip.  Today's CPU packages contain the equivalent of the old CPU, the math coprocessor, perhaps some Graphics coprocessors, and a bunch of other things that I probably don't know about. These are all contained in a single package or chip.

Being able to create a multifaceted CPU reduced the number of components that are needed to make a computing device work, thereby reducing space, heat, energy consumption, etc.

Why now a days each chip (socket) contains multiple processors (cores).

Also what is new in 7th generation P7 with an i7 core

It's just Intel's name for one of their currently shipping CPUs. It should have more features and/or speed and/or whatever than the I5 or I3.

why we use the word multicore computers. Today, in processor development, we see dual-, tri-, quad-, and even up to hundreds of cores. is this something to do with the speed?

So back a few years, one CPU package included a single core or CPU. Today, the CPU chip that lives in the package can actually be made up of multiple cores. So think about it like taking a single CPU (Microprocessor) and attaching it to another 1 or 2 or more other CPU's in that same package and building code to make them work in unison. You still have to have code in the OS or the applications that run that will take advantage of the extra cores, but yes, it really boils down to a speed thing.   A CPU use to be just one core, now there are multiple cores/CPU.

Some kind of research is going on that by 2017 embedded processors could sport 4,096 cores, server CPUs might have 512 cores and desktop chips could use 128 cores. Is it possible? or it needs more debate on whether the collections of cores will be heterogeneous or homogenous.

You're into the theoretical now and totally out of my area of expertise. Anything is possible.  just a few years ago we were marveling at TB disks and now we're looking at PB arrays. Same kinds of jumps in CPU and RAM as well as SSD over spinning disks.  We just installed a totally SSD array in our environment. We expect to see significant improvements in IOPs for disk access. Just a few years ago that was a dream on someone's drawing board.

So, yeah, anything's possible, but with those numbers of cores, you're probably talking about either a significantly larger package or a totally different type of technology to bring all that together in one place that will handle the heat and power requirements.

ok it means the more embedded processors, the faster the operation. Is it possible that instead of buying new machines because of new microsoft windows, can i do all of my work in linux or apple computers. Like word excel etc.

Thanks

Linux, OS X and Windows today all run on Intel-based processors. You can buy a Mac and run OS X, dual boot to Windows, or run Windows and/or Linux at the same time as OS X by using a program like Parallels or VMware Fusion.  This obviously takes more power and the more CPU power and RAM you have available the better...although there is a point at which you bought more than you can use.

OS X will NOT run legally on anything other than an Apple device, but Linux and Windows can happily coexist in a dual-boot config or by using a Windows-based version of Vmware desktop.

If the OS supports the app you want, then you are good to go.  There is a version of Office for OS X.  There are also free or inexpensive clones of MS Office that will mostly read and write Office documents.

if i good bye microsoft and move towards apple machine as I never use it before. Can I do all web development graphic work like in adobe or writing server scripts in perl in apple environment. Microsoft announce new windws all the time and accept they move things around there is nothing new i see in it. Back old time I use word star 4 in dos environment and it do almost all the things which microsoft word does

Thanks for all this detailed information.