CHKDSK during restart followed by "Windows has encountered a critical problem…"

Hello,

Earlier today I did a routine restart of my computer. However, during the black & white phase (before windows), CHKDSK was triggered for some reason and ran for a couple of minutes before returning to the regular startup process.

I do not recall the specific wording which was displayed during CHKDSK, but I believe the following were included as it began:

    • a reference to Drive C,
    • the letters NTFS,
    • and the word "consistency"

It then went through a 3-4 stages after which the remaining startup and Windows launch processes seemed to proceed as they usually do. After logging in, I didn't think much more about it until 5-10 minutes later when the following alert appeared:

Now I'm a couple of hours out from that 2nd restart and have not noticed any further problems.

Questions:

1) When CHKDSK runs, does it create a log or any type of record which can be accessed after-the-fact to determine what may have been the instigator and what steps were taken, if any, to fix the problem?

2) Is there any way to know:  

    a] whether this was some type of transient hiccup which is now resolved or

    b] if it is an indicator of something more sinister which could manifest itself at some later point — but with more deleterious results?

3) As it is, what is the best way to proceed?

Thanks