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need to learn about mac os

I am an extreme novice to Mac OS.  My plan is to get a copy of it and then load it on virtual box to play around with it.  What copy of Mac OS do I need to get?  How many OS version are out there and what do they typically cost?   If you had to choose which OS is the best to get familiar with, which one should I choose?
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Interesting...so I basically need to buy a MAC.  What if I buy an older mac, can I get an updated OS at a low cost?
Newest MAC OS need reasonably new (but not brand new) Apple MAC machines. You need to know what age of MAC and then see what it supports.
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So that I am on the right track, would something like this work.
Maybe but you would have to check.  I have Mac OS X 10.6 and I believe it is too old to upgrade.
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You really want to be able to run the newest (or nearly so) IOS on your MAC, so see if you can find a newer one (more money of course).
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iOS was a blunder on my part. I meant OS-X. I still think newer is probably better.
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Ok, so I hope I understand this.  I think this is the latest one in terms of OS-X
This is a 2007 model
http://www.everymac.com/systems/apple/macbook_pro/specs/macbook-pro-core-2-duo-2.2-15-santa-rosa-specs.html
Standard RAM:       2 GB       Maximum RAM:       6 GB*
Pre-Installed MacOS:       X 10.4.9 (8Q1058)       Maximum MacOS:       Current*(meaning Yosemite)

SnowLeopard 10.6.8  Lion 10.7.5  MountainLion 10.8.5 Mavericks 10.9.4 Yosemite 10.10.3*Current OSX

Unsure what you mean by latest.
Here's the upgrade page with the requirements.  https://www.apple.com/osx/how-to-upgrade/  My MacBook Pro doesn't have a date although it is running OSX 10.6.8.
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So they basically changed names over the years.  Are the operating systems much different compared to each other from a technical standpoint
The names apply to the releases/versions of OS X.
The changes add features/functionality.  What technical aspect?

Without knowing what your point of reference is, it is harder to answer your question.
Are you looking to learn as a user, i.e. supporting OS X users? Or coding for OS X?

If you have unix/linux background, it is similar to getting One of those distros. As the kernel evolves, newer OS releases ....
learn to support OS X users and I have no background in Macs
I have family members with MAC laptops and they are not hard to use as users. You can learn quickly. Learning the underpinnings will take time.

This is why I suggest you get a decent, fast  MAC laptop, and run Windows 7 or 8 as a virtual machine (VMware Fusion).

This way you can work and learn at the same time.
What do you mean by underpinnings?
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I have a new account that contains a hybrid environment of PCs.  The Macs access a SMB server, so I'm not sure how user permissions work with a mac and SMB server.  Or even a domain.
What do you mean by underpinnings?  <-- Most people can use Windows 7, 8, MAC and be productive. Most people cannot fix underlying issues and that is what I meant by underpinnings.
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