Windows 10 printers seen, but not showing in Office print dialog

Does this problem persist after a reboot?

Are the printers local or networked?

Yes, after a reboot problem continues.  All network printers.

Well, even the OneNote and Microsoft Print to PDF do not appear.

Possibly an OS or .NET issue then.

Open a command prompt with administrative privileges and run...
     SFC /SCANNOW
...and once that's done, run...
     DISM /ONLINE /CLEANUP-IMAGE /RESTOREHEALTH
...neither command is case-sensitive.

Once they're both done, reboot and see if the problem persists.

Print Spooler was stopped.  After starting, stopping, starting and restarting, the printers are appearing in applications/print dialogs.  The Print Spooler is not staying in the "Running" state.  System Log Event ID 7034.  Windows 10 v1809.  Going to try upgrade to v1903 although WU says v1903 is not ready for Dell OptiPlex 7040.

I will try your suggestion before upgrading to v1903

Bummer.   Print Spooler was running after restart and then stopped.

You can try the upgrade to v1903.  I couldn't hurt.

Is there anything in the event logs that points to why the spooler is stopping?  You can try restarting the spooler a few times just to generate a few messages...

Please post an image of the print dialog, check whether the dialog has scroll bars through which you can look.
The other consideration is under what credentials office products run such that user does not have the printers that are deployed on a per user versus per system basis.

do the printers show when printing a txt file?
you can run a repair on office what verzion do you have?