processors

Comparison here
You'll see that on these figures the i7 pretty much give you double the performance of the far older i5
https://www.cpubenchmark.net/compare/Intel-i7-10510U-vs-Intel-i5-7200U/3549vs2865

So let’s say the first processor is i7 with the same clock speed would it be faster than the second option I showed you.

the first number after the dash is the version so you are comparing version 7 with version 10 version 10 will be faster given they are both the same number of cores

@Kevin,
You can't say the first processor is an i7 - they didn't make an i7 at 2.5 GHz as a 7th generation chip (which is what the i5 is - a 7th generation chip).  The "slowest" i7 was at 2.9 GHz.  If you want to see what another CPU compares at, using the link MASQ provided, ADD the other CPU you want to compare.  I added one of the slowest i7 7th gen chips to the comparison list and it's still slower than the newest i7 (though it's close):
https://www.cpubenchmark.net/compare/Intel-i7-10510U-vs-Intel-i5-7200U-vs-Intel-i7-7700T/3549vs2865vs2951

Compare chips using CPU Benchmark.  And understand that (with the exception of the first generation, which was essentially "0"), Intel's CPU models after the i3, i5, i7, i9 define generations by the first digit (with 4 digit numbers) and first 2 digits with 5 digit numbers.  i5 7xxx is 7th gen.  i5 4xxx is 4th gen, i5 10xxx is 10th gen, i5 xxx is first gen.

"Faster" in what sense?  "More powerful" in what sense?  More information is needed to give an analytical answer.

For any two CPUs it's possible to find an application that runs faster on CPU A, and one that runs faster on CPU B.

Absolute clock speed is a deceiver.  System A which clocks at 4 GHz is not necessarily faster than System B which clocks at 800 MHz if system A's CPU uses 20 microcycles per "average" instruction and system B's CPU uses 2 microcycles.

It's also possible to cripple a CPU with external configuration choices.  Give a "slower" CPU 8 GB of balanced fast memory and an SSD, give a "faster" CPU 1 GB unbalanced slow memory and a 5400 RPM HDD, and the slower CPU will look pretty good.

I/M/O, the only benchmark that says "CPU A is better than CPU B" (for any particular application) is to run the application in the intended target configuration and see which CPU performs better.

In the old days processor speed was the simple indicator that would definitely show which processor was the faster.
Now architecture matters the most...so simple go to cpubenchmark site and do the compare as indicated by MASQ...2 factors to examine
1 The CPU mark that gives the overall performance of the processor and 2 the single thread rating (extremely important for simple single threaded applications)...so the best in both is the best...

I don't understand all this discussion.  The benchmark scores MASQ provided tell the entire story.  

• 4 cores vs 2 cores,
• Single core performance more than 50% better,
• overall performance more than 100% better,
• 3 generations newer.   (which means ability to interface with newer, higher bandwidth, chipsets.)

The i7 is clearly the superior CPU.  

Link MASQ Proved  has all the details side by side.

https://www.cpubenchmark.net/compare/Intel-i7-10510U-vs-Intel-i5-7200U/3549vs2865

you may also want to look at the application you want to run - does it support more than 1 thread?

Well understand

Understood