How do I manually remove a 2016 AD domain controller that failed

No, the procedure is the same. If the DC crashed, you have to:
1. Shutdown a bad DC
2. Run metadata cleanup from a healthy DC

ntdsutil
metadata cleanup
remove selected server <servername>

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3. Verify there are no entries in DNS, Active Directory Users and Computers, Active Directory Sites and Services, and Active Directory Domains and Trust. If you find any, delete them.
4. Seize FSMO roles if needed

C:\Windows>ntdsutil
ntdsutil: roles
fsmo maintenance: connections
server connections: connect to server <new_server>
server connections: q
fsmo maintenance: Seize domain naming master
fsmo maintenance: Seize infrastructure master
fsmo maintenance: Seize PDC
fsmo maintenance: Seize RID master
fsmo maintenance: Seize schema master

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5. Install the system from scratch (use the same hostname and the IP address if you like)
6. Install ADDS + DNS
7. Verify the replication

I can find information relating to 2008 DC's but not 2016.  Are there any differences? 

procedure is the same

Clean up Active Directory Domain Controller server metadata

https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/identity/ad-ds/deploy/ad-ds-metadata-cleanup